Special Medicine focuses on the distinctive healthcare requirements of personnel operating in specialized environments like aviation and aerospace, tackling a range of specialized medical challenges encountered in practice. It delves into the phenomena and patterns of physiological and pathological alterations in the human body triggered by these unique environmental conditions, examining them from molecular, cellular, and holistic perspectives. Furthermore, we investigate the mechanisms by which aviation and aerospace impact human health, alongside the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of related diseases. Protective measures are proposed to safeguard workers' health, safety, and comfort in their work environments, offering vital medical and life science theoretical and technological support for the advancement of China's aviation and aerospace industry.